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I’m citing a chat message. Do I include a URL if it’s not publicly resolvable?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook. For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook.

No; it’s not likely to be useful to your reader. Read more on URLs and on citing chat messages.

Filed Under: digital sources, text messages, URLs, works-cited lists

Published 10 May 2019

The cover of the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook is displayed on an e-reader. Behind the e-reader is the book's print cover.

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