How should material from a course pack be cited?

Since course packs may be cited more than one way, students should ask their instructors what to do, and instructors should indicate their preferred citation… Read More

How do I cite the question-and-answer portion of a conference session?

Use your discussion of the event to refer to the question-and-answer portion: At the ZEE Jaipur Literature Festival in January 2018, I had the opportunity… Read More

How do I cite a conversation in a chat tool?

If you generally discuss a conversation in a chat tool, you can refer to the conversation in your prose or in an endnote without creating… Read More

What is the difference between source lists titled “Works Cited,” “Bibliography,” and “References”?

As the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook explains, “the list titled ‘Works Cited’ identifies the sources you borrow from—and therefore cite—in the body of… Read More

How do I cite photographs or other images that I use in a PowerPoint presentation or web project?

Cite an image used in a PowerPoint presentation or web project the same way you would cite it in a printed paper. See the example in… Read More

What should I do if the web source I am citing does not list a publication date?

If the web source you are citing does not list a publication date, omit the “Publication date” element from your entry. You may, however, wish… Read More

Why are both a comma and and used to separate the names of coauthors in a works-cited-list entry?

The MLA Handbook notes that “[w]hen a source has two authors,” you should “[r]everse the first of the names” and “follow it with a comma and… Read More

I’m citing a chat message. Do I include a URL if it’s not publicly resolvable?

No; it’s not likely to be useful to your reader. Read more on URLs and on citing chat messages. Read More

How do I cite a critical essay published in the same volume as a literary text–for example, an essay in a Norton Critical Edition?

To cite a critical essay published in the same volume as a literary work, follow the MLA format template. List the author of the essay,… Read More

If my works-cited-list entry has a title styled in quotation marks that ends in a question mark, should I insert a period after the question mark?

No. Omit the period, as shown in the example below: “How Do I Cite a Map?” The MLA Style Center, Modern Language Association of America,… Read More