How do I create an in-text citation for a film?

The in-text citation for a film should key to a works-cited-list entry. If you list a film under its title, you must refer to the title in… Read More

Is it acceptable to begin an essay with a block quotation?

Yes, an essay may start with a block quotation. The quotation should be important to your discussion and referred to in your prose. This distinguishes it… Read More

Can a building be cited as a source?

Although it is not conventional to document a building as if it were a work, if you are discussing many buildings in detail–for example, analyzing their… Read More

How do I cite an author who has transitioned?

Authors may write and publish under different names—by adopting pseud­onyms or changing their names. When you are aware that an author has published under different… Read More

Do you have to provide the author’s name in a parenthetical citation for a work of common literature such as The Iliad?

Yes, unless you have already mentioned the author’s name in your prose. Just because a work is famous doesn’t mean you can omit the name of its… Read More

How do I indicate that I have permission to use an image or other material in my work?

In published works, credits–that is, permission to reprint images or other material–are given in the front matter, notes, or figure captions. A credit is a form of acknowledgment… Read More

Can I use brackets to change the tense of a verb so that a quotation will fit syntactically into my sentence?

When a verb in a quotation does not fit syntactically into your sentence, you may use brackets to change the tense: If Charles Dickens were… Read More

How do I punctuate quoted dialogue from a novel?

How you punctuate quoted dialogue from a novel will depend on what you are quoting and how you are quoting it. See the three most… Read More

If I am referring to two sources that make the same point, how do I make my citations clear?

If you directly cite two sources that make the same point, you must make clear to your reader the source of each quotation.  Johnson argues that “mint chip ice… Read More

How do I cite an appendix?

An appendix can be cited like any other division of a work: in the text. A Single Appendix You may refer to a single appendix… Read More